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Educational expansion and shifting private returns to education: Evidence from Mozambique
By Sam Jones
We examine how returns to education have evolved in the context of post-conflict reconstruction and economic growth in Mozambique over the period 1996–2015. We show that private rates of return to education have declined at lower levels of schooling, but remained stable and possibly even increased at the highest levels. Returns are increasingly convex in non-agricultural jobs but almost flat in agriculture. Using consumption expenditure data, as opposed to income data, allows estimation of returns for the entire labour market, not just the minority in formal sector jobs. Results are robust to a wide range of specifications, including use of a pseudo-panel. © 2023 UNU-WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Decomposing Learning Inequalities in East Africa: How Much Does Sorting Matter?
By Sam Jones
Inequalities in learning opportunities arise from both household- and school-related factors. Although these factors are unlikely to be independent, few studies have considered the extent to which sorting between schools and households might aggravate educational inequalities. To fill this gap, this article presents a novel variance decomposition, which is then applied to data from over one million children from East Africa. Results indicate that sorting accounts for around 8 percent of the test-score variance, similar in magnitude to the contribution of differences in school quality. Empirical simulations of steady-state educational inequalities reveal that policies to mitigate sorting could substantially reduce educational inequalities over the long run. © 2022 UNU-WIDER, 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.
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